ABSTRACT: The objectives were to analyze the genealogical information of Gyr (GY) and Nelore (NL) cattle from Costa Rica. Analyzed: pedigree integrity (GY, 13272; NL, 18153); number of complete, maximum traced and equivalent complete generations; inbreeding (FI); generation interval (GI) through four selection routes; average additive genetic ratio (AGR); effective number of founders (fe); effective number of ancestors (fa); effective population size (Ne). The analysis was performed with the ENDOG software. The maximum proportion of unknown parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents was 18.6%, 39.9%, and 59.3%, respectively. The average FI for NL was 8.87% and 2.85% in GY. The average consanguineous population (%) and FI was 53.9 and 16.5% in NL, 28.9 and 9.9% in GY. The average and maximum values of AGR for NL were 3.5 and 12.8, 1.4 and 5.6 in GY. The fe and fa for NL were 65.0 and 38.0, in GY 145.7 and 59.0. The Ne indicated increases in FI in the range of 1 to 2% in GY, for NL greater than 2%, with a status of care to monitor the evolution of F and AGR and their possible implications in genetic improvement. The GI ranged from 6.3 to 7.9 years with a general average of 6.9 years. These results show a summary of the genetic and reproductive management those breeders have carried out.

RESUMO: Os objetivos foram analisar as informações genealógicas de bovinos Gir (GY) e Nelore (NL) da Costa Rica. Foram considerados: integridade do pedigree (GY, 13272; NL, 18153); número de gerações completas, máximas traçadas e equivalentes completas; endogamia (FI); intervalo de geração (GI) por meio de quatro rotas de seleção; razão genética aditiva média (AGR); número efetivo de fundadores (fe); número efetivo de ancestrais (fa); tamanho efetivo da população (Ne). A análise foi realizada com o software ENDOG. A proporção máxima de pais, avós e bisavós desconhecidos foi de 18,6%, 39,9% e 59,3%, respectivamente. O FI médio para NL foi de 8,87% e 2,85% no GY. A média da população consanguínea (%) e FI foi de 53,9 e 16,5% em NL, 28,9 e 9,9% em GY. Os valores médios e máximos de AGR para NL foram 3,5 e 12,8, 1,4 e 5,6 no GY. Os fe e fa para NL foram 65,0 e 38,0, no GY 145,7 e 59,0. O Ne indicou aumentos de FI na faixa de 1 a 2% no GY, para NL superiores a 2%, com status de cuidado para acompanhar a evolução de F e AGR e suas possíveis implicações no melhoramento genético. O IG variou de 6,3 a 7,9 anos com média geral de 6,9 anos. Esses resultados mostram um resumo do manejo genético e reprodutivo realizado por esses criadores.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the population of Brahman cattle from Costa Rica. Pedigree analysis of 98,749 animals was used to estimate the following parameters: pedigree integrity, as a proportion of known ancestors; the number of complete generations, maximum generations traced, and equivalent complete generations; inbreeding coefficient (F); generation interval (GI) across four selection paths; additive genetic relationship (AGR); effective number of founders (fe) and ancestors (fa); and effective population size (Ne). The analysis was carried out using the ENDOG software. The maximum proportions of unknown parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents were 14.1%, 38.9%, and 61.2%, respectively. Average F for the whole population was 0.86, while 27.4% of the population was inbred, with an average F of 3.1%. The inbred population increased through the time, while F decreased. The average AGR was 0.64, with maximum values of 4.1 and positive trends. The fe and fa were 617.8 and 172.0, respectively. The Ne indicated increases of F, with values lower than 1%. The GI fluctuated from 6.4 to 7.4, with an average of 6.85 years. These results summarize previous breeding practices and represent useful information for designing breeding programs by anticipating the relationship between the selection response and increases of inbreeding.

Resumen Introducción. El virus del síndrome de la mancha blanca (WSSV) causa la destrucción sistémica de los tejidos ectodérmicos y mesodérmicos en los camarones y puede causar una mortalidad del 100 %. El Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) es un microsporidio intracelular que ocasiona lisis de las células epiteliales en los túbulos hepatopancreáticos del camarón. Objetivo. Detectar la presencia de WSSV y EHP en camarones de quince granjas ubicadas en el Golfo de Nicoya y el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos. Entre enero 2017 y julio 2018 se recolectó agua durante el proceso de llenado del estanque, postlarvas y camarones juveniles de Penaeus vannamei, durante un ciclo productivo en cada una de las quince fincas. Las muestras se analizaron a través de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), utilizando cebadores y protocolos para detectar el gen VP41B de WSSV y el gen de ARN ribosomal de la subunidad pequeña del EHP. Resultados. Se detectó la presencia de WSSV en una finca, mientras que no se detectó EHP en ninguna de las quince fincas. Las secuencias de los segmentos amplificados del gen VP41B mostraron una identidad del 100 % con secuencias aisladas de camarón en Taiwán y en México. Conclusión. Hubo baja frecuencia de WSSV, mientras que el EHP no fue detectado en este estudio. Es necesario continuar monitoreando estos agentes en las granjas camaroneras del país.

Abstract Introduction. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes systemic destruction of ectodermal and mesodermal tissues in shrimp and can cause 100 % mortality. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an intracellular microsporidian that causes lysis of epithelial cells in hepatopancreatic tubules in shrimp. Objective. Detect the presence of WSSV and EHP in fifteen shrimp farms in the Gulf of Nicoya and the Central Pacific from Costa Rica. Materials and methods. Between January 2017 and July 2018 water during the filling process of the pond, postlarvae, and juvenile shrimp of Penaeus vannamei was collected, during a production cycle in each one of the fifteen farms. Samples were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers and protocols to detect the VP41B gene in WSSV, and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of EHP. Results. The presence of WSSV was detected in one farm, while EHP was not detected in any of the fifteen farms. The sequencing of the amplified segments of the VP41B gene showed 100 % identity with isolated shrimp sequences in Taiwan and Mexico. Conclusion. WSSV was detected at a very low frequency and EHP was not detected in this study. It is necessary to continue monitoring these agents in the country’s shrimp farms.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue detectar infecciones causadas por el Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) y begomovirus en plántulas de tomate, y en las arvenses de los alrededores de los invernaderos. En el período de un año, a partir de abril de 2008, se recolectaron 168 muestras de tejido foliar, 90 de plántulas de tomate y 78 de arvenses en tres distintos semilleros en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica. Por medio de una transcripción reversa ligada a una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (qRT-PCR), se determinaron infecciones con ToCV en un 18,9% de plántulas de tomate y en un 7,7% de las arvenses. Los begomovirus se detectaron por medio de hibridación con sonda de ADN no radioactiva. Los resultados de hibridación se confirmaron con una amplificación por el círculo rodante (RCA), seguida de una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), utilizando dos pares de iniciadores degenerados. Ninguna muestra de tomate resultó positiva para los virus estudiados, mientras que seis arvenses estaban infectadas; dos de ellas con Phytolacca icosandra y Brassica sp., mostraron coinfección con el ToCV. Los resultados sugieren que si las plántulas de tomate infectadas con ToCV se comercializan, este podría ser introducido en nuevas regiones del país. Las arvenses alrededor de los invernaderos mostraron ser potenciales fuentes de inóculo tanto del ToCV como de begomovirus.

Abstract The aim of this work was to detect plant infections caused by Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and begomovirus in tomato plantlets, and in growing weeds around nursery greenhouses. During one year, starting in April 2008, 168 leaf tissue samples were collected, 90 tomato plantlets and 78 weeds from three different nurseries in Cartago province, Costa Rica. Reverse transcription and real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to determine that 18,9% of tomato plantlets and 7,7% of weeds were infected with ToCV virus. Begomoviruses were detected using Dot Blot hybridization and non-radioactive probe. Next, hybridization results were confirmed using Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) followed by PCR, using universal primers. None tomato plantlet resulted positive when tested, but there were six weeds infected; in fact, Phytolacca icosandra and Brassica sp. were both coinfected with ToCV virus. These results suggest that ToCV infected tomato plantlets when commercialized, could serve as way of virus introduction to other country regions. Finally, weeds growing around greenhouses have shown to be potential viral sources of ToCV virus and begomovirus.